Difference between amylose and cellulose

The amylose that is the principal ingredient of this Dempn as shown in Figure 1 connects the glucose mutually by the glycosidic linkage of α1→4, and when glucoses unite by uniting the β1→4 glycoside, becomes a molecule of a lot of celluloses contained against walls of the plant cells. Even if it is a sugar chain that consists of the same glucose element, it becomes a greatly different according to the uniting style material. Moreover, the number of ranging sugar is also various. The cellulose described in the above-mentioned is composed sugar (sucrose) and lactose (lactose) of two spoon of sugar that unites two spoon of sugar, and is a macromolecule of which several thousand glucoses range and are composed.

Sugar protein and glycolipid on cell surface

A lot of sugar chains that exist as a complex carbohydrate that unites with the protein and the lipid exist for the sugar chain like the above-mentioned, too and it plays an important role in vivo. Sugar chains that the sugar such as glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), Fcors (Fuc), man north (Man), N Asetilglcosamin (GlcNAc), and N Asetilgaractosamin (GalNAc), Shial acids (NeuAc,NeuGc,KDN), and Kishirors (Xyl) ranges on the protein and the lipid existing on the surface of the cell as shown in Figure 2 unite, and such a molecule is called the sugar protein, the glycolipid, and a proteoglycan, etc.

ABO blood type

The ABO blood type is distinguished by the difference of the sugar chain structure of the glycolipid on the red blood corpuscle (Figure 3). It is treated as a foreign body in A type and B type when these different bloods are transfused once by mistake though it is a trifling disagreeing of N Asetilgaractosamin or the galactose and the rejection is caused.

Dye of sugar chain outside cell of white blood corpuscle

Moreover, the sugar chain often uses the sugar chain when the cell reacts from the thick appearance outside the cell with other cells, and takes part in generation, the differentiation, immunity, aging, and the disease deeply by the sugar chain as shown in Figure 4.

Infection route of influenza virus

Figure 5 showed the infection route by the influenza virus. The influenza virus has the protein named Hemagltinin (HA), and unites with sugar that this protein exists in the end of the sugar chain of Sialic acid on the landlord cell. The influenza virus in which bonding to the host cell by this uniting succeeds invades in the cell and proliferates. And, uniting with the Sialic acid is separated from the host cell by using Sialic acid cutting enzyme of neuraminidase (NA) in that case, and infection with another individual becomes possible though it is necessary to dash out outside the cell for further proliferation. Tamiflu is a medicine that obstructs this sialidase activity. Moreover, a peculiar sugar chain appears to a certain kind of cancer, and it is thought that the cancer metastasis happens because this unites with the receptor (Serectin) the metastasis ahead. There are a lot of infection cases through other sugar chains. Moreover, it is clarified that the sugar chain structure changes with the condition, and the sugar chain is a molecule that deeply takes part in the disease.

It is very important to analyze the sugar chain structure in clarifying the role of the sugar chain in such a life phenomenon. The sugar chain unites with the protein of 50% or more, and the sugar chain cannot be disregarded because it functions as an original protein in sugar chains' uniting. Because the sugar chain is a post-translational modification composed after the protein is completed, the structure cannot be clarified from a genetic code alone though the protein is constructed by translating the gene. Therefore, the sugar chain structure analysis is very difficult, and the exclusive knowledge and knowhow are needed.